Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire

King Frederick I's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.^[67] Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace, Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery, the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I.^[68] In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the Year Without Summer and following famine,^[69] introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.^[27][29] Hohenheim University was founded in 1818,^[70] and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood.
From the outset of the 19th Century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),^[71] but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834-1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, University of Stuttgart in 1829,^[72] the University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857.^[73] Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and Mainz.^[74] Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Württemberg,^[75] the Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart,^[75] were driven out by the King's army.^[75]
Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig Uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike.^[76] From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.^[77] A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall.^[78] Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,^[79] rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,^[79] and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.^[79] By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the Unification of Germany, as an autonomous kingdom.
Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in a small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887.^[80] As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile',^[19] and today Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. The year prior, Robert Bosch opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907, the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.^[81] In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded.^[76] Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927.^[82]
During World War I, the city was accosted by air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.^[83]

Weimar Republic

At the end of the First World War, November revolutionaries^[84] stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.^[85] When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic, and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch.^[86] Also in 1920, Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years.^[87]

Early Modern Era

In 1488, Stuttgart finally officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.^[27] Eberhard I, then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg^[d] in 1495,^[29] and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, Ulrich. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I,^[42] he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects,^[42] who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514.^[43][44] Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria.^[45] In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,^[46] obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen, prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was and driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.^[42] Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V,^[47] who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I, thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs.^[37] When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War,^[43][44] Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)^[42] in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548.^[48] Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;^[49] knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a Renaissance palace,^[41] and from 1542–44, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square.^[29] Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2,810 feet (860 m) tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566–75. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,^[50] and expanded the Prinzebau.^[51] It seems the fortunes of Stuttgart died in the Thirty Years' War^[27] alongside Schickhardt, killed by invading Habsburg soldiers.
The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,^[52] and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.^[28] After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.^[53] The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population.^[54] The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.^[55] Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.^[56] This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,^[56] but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,^[56] reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,^[57] Eberhard Ludwig.^[58]
For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg, founded in 1704, in 1718 while the namesake Baroque palace, known as the "Versailles of Swabia,"^[59] was still under construction.^[59] When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander, ascended to the throne.^[52] Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746,^[60] Castle Solitude in 1763,^[61] Castle Hohenheim in 1785,^[62] and the Karlsschule in 1770.^[63] The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here.^[52] Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th Century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city.^[64] In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.
Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,^[29] and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.^[65][66]

Name

Sttutgart, often nicknamed the "Schwabenmetropole" (English: Swabian metropolis) in reference to its location in the center of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians, has its entymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten,^[26] or "stud farm",^[27] because the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses.^[28]

History

Main article: History of Stuttgart

See also: Timeline of Stuttgart

Historical affiliations

 Roman Empire 83–475
 Holy Roman Empire 911–1806
Kingdom of Württemberg 1805–1918
 German Empire 1871–1918
 Weimar Republic 1918–1933
 Nazi Germany 1933–1945
 Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949
 West Germany 1949–1990
 Germany 1990–present

Stuttgart's first Coat of Arms (1286)^[c]

1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by Matthäus Merian

Drawing of Stuttgart, 1794.

Map of Stuttgart, 1888

Map of Stuttgart area, 1888

View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, 1895. The Rotebühlkaserne is visible to the left, and the Old Castle and Stiftskirche to the right.

The historic Stuttgart Marktplatz looking west, 1881.

Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz, 1907. The building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War Two. What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall.

Villa Berg, the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845–1853, in a colorized photograph from 1910.

A colorized photo from 1911 of the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft factory in Untertürkheim. Today, this building is the seat of Daimler AG.

Front and back sides of a 50-pfennig Notgeld from 1921 featuring the state capital, Stuttgart.

Demonstration at the Stuttgart Marktplatz on German Hiking Day (German: Deutschen Wandertag), 1938.

Map of the destruction of Stuttgart after the air raids.

A war-damaged Neues Schloss at Schlossplatz prior to restoration, 1956.

Stuttgart's Hauptbahnhof from the Königstraße, 1965.

Antiquity

Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt.^[29] Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa (Cannstatt Castrum)^[28] built c. 90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the Limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.^[30] When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni,^[31] the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the 7th Century.^[32]

Middle Ages

See also: Germany in the Middle Ages

In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.^[33] Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.^[34]
Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "Canstat ad Neccarum" (German: Cannstatt-on-Neckar) in 708.^{[citation needed]} The etymology of the name "Cannstatt" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th Century),^{[citation needed]} it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "Condi-." Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.^[35] There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence".^[32][36]
In 950 AD, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the old Roman castrum.^[29] The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.^[33]
Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year 1108 AD,^[33] kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.^[37] Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten."^[33] A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX.^[26] In 1219 AD, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V, Margrave of Baden.^[26] In addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in c. 1220.^[38] In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's dowry. His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious,"^[26] would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.
Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII, newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311)^[39] to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312–15.^[26] Total destruction of the County was prevented by Henry VII's death in 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,^[40] and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle, ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were an important one for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the County to the city to a new and expanded castle,^[41] the collegiate church in Beutelsbach, where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,^[40] moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320,^[40] and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.^[40] A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,^[28] the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.^[28] At the end of the 14th Century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th Century, Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the County in 1483.^[40]

Stuttgart

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the German city. For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation).

Stuttgart
Clockwise from top left: Staatstheater, Cannstatter Volksfest in Bad Cannstatt, fountain at Schlossplatz, Fruchtkasten façade and the statue of Friedrich Schiller at Schillerplatz, New Palace, and Old Castle at Schillerplatz
Coat of arms
Stuttgart
Location within Baden-Württemberg [show]
Coordinates: 48°47′N 9°11′ECoordinates: 48°47′N 9°11′E
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Stuttgart
District	Stadtkreis
Founded	10th century
Government
• Lord Mayor	Fritz Kuhn (Greens)
Area
• City	207.36 km2 (80.06 sq mi)
Elevation	245 m (804 ft)
Population (2015-12-31)[3]
• City	623,738
• Density	3,000/km2 (7,800/sq mi)
• Urban	2,735,425 (31 December 2,015)[2]
• Metro	5,200,000 (2,013)[1]
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	70173–70619
Dialling codes	0711
Vehicle registration	S
Website	www.stuttgart.de

Schlossplatz (Stuttgart), Evening

Courtyard of the Old Castle

Stuttgart's hilly cityscape from atop the Karlshöhe

Stuttgart (/ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/ SHTOOT-gart;^[4] German pronun­cia­tion: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt] ( listen) STUTT-gart, Swabian: Schduagert, pronounced [ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥]; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley locally known as the "Stuttgart Cauldron" an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart's urban area has a population of 623,738,^[5] making it the sixth largest city in Germany.^[6] 2.7 million people live in the city’s administrative region^[7] and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area,^[8] making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany. The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 List of cities by quality of living,^[a][9] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities,^[10][b] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status world city in their 2014 survey.^[11]
Since the 6th millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt, making it the most important regional center for several centuries. Stuttgart's roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, as a stud farm for his warhorses. Overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320. The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their county, suchy, and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production. However, by 1952, the city had bounced back and it became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing center it is today.^[12] Stuttgart is also a transport junction, and possesses the sixth-largest airport in Germany. Such companies as Porsche,^[13] Mercedes-Benz,^[14] Daimler AG,^[15] Dinkelacker,^[16] and others are headquartered there.
Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.^[17] It is spread across a variety of hills (some of them covered in vineyards),^[18] valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin) and parks. This is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the 'cradle of the automobile'.^[19][20] The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more".^[21] Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as "Das neue Herz Europas" ("The new Heart of Europe").^[22] For business, it describes itself as "Where business meets the future". In July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area.^[23]
Stuttgart is a city of mostly immigrants. According to Dorling Kindersley Publishing's Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, "In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner."^[24] 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five, are of immigrant background.^[25]